Pre Immigration Income Tax Planning
America continues to be the ultimate destination point for many wealthy immigrants. Some from countries with taxes higher than the U.S. but most from countries with either lower taxes than the U.S. or countries with higher taxes that for all practical purposes are circumvented to one degree or another.1
An immigrant coming to America for longer than a certain time period will become a Resident Alien for U.S. income taxes at some point in time. In doing so, they are subjecting themselves to a potential U.S. tax income on their annual worldwide income, an estate tax on their deaths on their worldwide assets and a tax on gifts of their worldwide wealth.2
Presently the United States taxes its citizens on their worldwide income and gains. The tax is on net income and the U.S. tax code provides for numerous deductions and tax credits in arriving at net income. The tax rates on net ordinary income start at a rate of 15% and graduate to a high of 35% on $10.0 Million or more.
There is a different tax rate for gains from the sale of investment assets and other capital assets. Gains from the sale of capital assets held for more than a year have a maximum tax of 15%.
These income taxes can be mitigated to one extent or another for the potential u.s. immigrant, by careful tax planning before the immigrant becomes a resident alien.
Tax Residency in the U.S.
The first step in income tax planning is for the Nonresident alien who is immigrating to the U.S., to determine exactly when that immigrant will become a Resident Alien for income tax purposes.
The general rule is that an alien is not considered to be a Resident Alien for U.S. income tax purposes if the alien does not have either (1) a green card representing permanent residency in the U.S. or (2) a “substantial presence” or time period in the U.S. as described below. There are exceptions to this “substantial presence” general rule that will also be discussed.
An alien individual has a “substantial presence” in the United States, or may become a Resident Alien subject to tax on worldwide income for any calendar year in which the alien is both physically present in the U.S. for at least 31 days and; in that same calendar year is considered to have been in the U.S. for a combined total of 183 days or more over the past three years pursuant to a formula.
For purposes of calculating this combined 3 year, 183-day requirement; each day present in the United States during the current “combined” calendar year counts as a full day, each day in the preceding year as one-third of a day and each day in the second preceding year as one-sixth of a day. This is shown on the example below.
The United States has tax treaties with many countries. These treaties generally provide that the residents and corporations of each country are entitled to a more liberal tax treatment than residents and corporations of non-treaty countries. The concept of tax residency under the treaties is usually different than the general definition and may permit a nonresident alien to spend more time in the U.S. each year without being a U.S. tax resident. Generally, the tax treaties will permit the alien individual to remain a non-resident for U.S. tax purposes so long as the alien covered by the treaty stays less than 183 days in the U.S. each separate year; and not over the cumulative three year period.
This same type of treatment that is granted under the Treaty, that of permitting aliens to have an extended stay in the U.S. of less than 183 days in each year without becoming a U.S. tax resident, is also available to certain aliens that are not from countries governed by a U.S. tax treaty. If an alien has his or her provable most important business ties to his or her native country; the substantial presence test is extended due to their “closer connection” to a foreign country than to the U.S.
The “Income Tax Residency Starting Date”
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